Exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, can trigger a series of inflammatory and vascular responses that may increase the risk of a heart attack, especially in people with existing cardiovascular conditions. A sudden rise in air pollution does more than irritate the lungs; it can also place considerable stress on the heart and blood vessels. In an interview with HT Lifestyle, Dr Anshul Kumar Jain, director of Cardiology at the CK Birla Hospital, Delhi, shared the impact of air pollution on the heart.
These particles trigger oxidative stress and inflammation, which can affect the inner lining of blood vessels , known as the endothelium. The endothelium plays an important role in regulating blood flow and maintaining vascular health. When its functioning is impaired, blood vessels may become less flexible, and their ability to dilate can be reduced. This can lead to an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and the workload on the heart. At the same time, inflammation can make existing atherosclerotic plaques, which are fatty deposits inside artery walls, more vulnerable to rupture. If a plaque ruptures, the body may form a blood clot at the site. This clot can partially or completely block blood flow to the heart muscle, resulting in a heart attack.
When polluted air is inhaled, fine particulate matter can travel deep into the lungs and, in some cases, enter the bloodstream, according to Dr Jain. “Air pollution can also activate the sympathetic nervous system , responsible for the body’s stress response,” said Dr Jain.
The risk is particularly concerning for older adults and individuals with hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease, or a previous history of heart attack. However, even people without a diagnosed heart condition may experience short-term cardiovascular stress during periods of severe pollution.
